Advent of Europeans in India

The arrival of Europeans in India marked a significant era of exploration, trade, and eventual colonial domination...

Timeline of European Arrival in India

Portuguese Arrival (1498)

• 1498: Vasco da Gama arrived at Calicut.
• 1503: First fort at Kochi.
• 1510: Capture of Goa and Bijapur.
• 1663: Dutch captured all Portuguese forts on the Malabar Coast.

The Portuguese were the first to arrive and the last to leave (1961 - Operation Vijay).

Dutch Invasion (1602)

• Focused on the spice trade; first factory at Masulipatnam (1605).
• Battle of Bidara (1759): Decline of Dutch influence.

British Entry (1600)

• 1600: East India Company (EIC) established.
• 1609: William Hawkins visited Jahangir’s court.
• 1613: First factory at Surat.
• 1717: Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar issued the Farman.

French Arrival (1664)

• 1664: French East India Company established.
• 1746-1763: Carnatic Wars, leading to British dominance.

Danish and Other European Powers

Limited success; sold possessions to the British in 1845.

Factors Influencing the Arrival of Europeans

• Trade: Spices, silk, and other riches.
• Strategic Location: Key for Europe-Asia trade.
• Economic Prosperity: New markets and resources.
• Religious Goals: Spread of Christianity.

Impact of European Arrival in India

Economic Changes

• Shift to cash-based economies.
• Exploitation of natural resources.
• Introduction of new crops and techniques.

Cultural Exchange

• Influence on art, architecture, and languages.

Political Transformation

• Decline of local kingdoms.
• Establishment of British colonial rule.

Portuguese Legacy in India

• Naval dominance and advanced shipbuilding.
• Cultural influences in Goa, including architecture and festivals.